This content is modified from Healthy Male: healthymale.org.au. This information has been provided for educational purposes only. It is not intended to take the place of a clinical diagnosis or proper medical advice from a fully qualified health professional. Healthy Male and International Society of Andrology both urge readers to seek the services of a qualified medical practitioner for any personal health concerns.

Translated by

Chenwang Zhang MD MS

Department of Andrology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China

Eugene Y. Xu PhD

Cellular Screening Center

The University of Chicago

Chicago, IL 60637

本文是基于澳大利亚healthymale委员会的健康男性网页改编而成。 其内容仅供科普教育，并非用来代替医护人员的医嘱和临床诊断。澳大利亚健康男性委员会和国际男科学学会督促任何有个人健康问题或疾病的读者寻求有合格的医疗专业人士的帮助和治疗。

本文由美国芝加哥大学徐宇君博士和上海交通大学医学院张辰望医师翻译校对。